CTLA-4 blockade in tumor models: an overview of preclinical and translational research

Joseph F Grosso ¹, Maria N Jure-Kunkel

Affiliations

¹ Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA. joseph.grosso@bms.com

PMID: 23390376
102 References
156 citations

Abstract

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is a key negative regulator of T cell activation. A complex integration of positive and negative co-stimulatory signals in the well-defined B7:CD28/CTLA-4 pathway modulates the generation and maintenance of immune responses. Inhibiting negative regulation through binding of CTLA-4 has been shown to promote stimulation of adaptive immunity and potentiation of T cell activation. CTLA-4-blocking antibodies have demonstrated efficacy in various murine malignancy models when administered as monotherapy; additionally, they have shown synergistic anti-tumor activity when utilized with other agents, such as vaccines, chemotherapy, and radiation. Preclinical studies have supported the rationale for current clinical development of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, including ipilimumab and tremelimumab, as novel therapeutic strategies to augment anti-tumor immunity in cancer. Both ipilimumab and tremelimumab have been evaluated extensively in melanoma; notably, ipilimumab was recently approved as monotherapy for the treatment of advanced melanoma. Tremelimumab is currently undergoing evaluation in phase II trials as monotherapy in melanoma and malignant mesothelioma, while ipilimumab is under clinical investigation in phase II and III trials in various tumor types, including in melanoma, prostate, and lung cancers as monotherapy and with other therapeutic modalities, such as chemotherapy and radiation. In this review, we will provide a detailed overview of preclinical advances that have delineated many features of CTLA-4 and have helped define its role in T cell response. We will also highlight clinical application of anti-CTLA-4 therapy in cancer and describe knowledge gaps that future studies may address.

Keywords: CTLA-4; T cell; antibody; co-stimulation; preclinical.

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The CD28-B7 Family in Anti-Tumor Immunity: Emerging Concepts in Cancer Immunotherapy. Joanne Leung, Woong-Kyung Suh. Immune Netw, 2015 Jan 01; 14(6). PMID: 25550693 Free PMC article. Review.
Three steps to breaking immune tolerance to lymphoma: a microparticle approach. Amani Makkouk, Vijaya B Joshi, +5 authors, George J Weiner. less Cancer Immunol Res, 2015 Jan 30; 3(4). PMID: 25627654 Free PMC article.
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The immune system in hepatocellular carcinoma and potential new immunotherapeutic strategies. Gaetano Bertino, Shirin Demma, +9 authors, Michele Malaguarnera. less Biomed Res Int, 2015 Apr 22; 2015. PMID: 25893197 Free PMC article. Review.
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 expression in human breast cancer: implications for prognosis. Haiming Yu, Junlan Yang, +3 authors, Shunchang Jiao, Ying Li, Wei Zhang, Jiandong Wang. less Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2015 Apr 22; 64(7). PMID: 25893809 Free PMC article.
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Gene Expression Profiling and Pathway Network Analysis Predicts a Novel Antitumor Function for a Botanical-Derived Drug, PG2. Yu-Lun Kuo, Chun-Houh Chen, +8 authors, Chi-Ying F Huang. less Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2015 May 15; 2015. PMID: 25972907 Free PMC article.
Immunomodulatory Drugs: Immune Checkpoint Agents in Acute Leukemia. Hanna A Knaus, Christopher G Kanakry, Leo Luznik, Ivana Gojo. Curr Drug Targets, 2015 May 20; 18(3). PMID: 25981611 Free PMC article. Review.
Combination of Id2 Knockdown Whole Tumor Cells and Checkpoint Blockade: A Potent Vaccine Strategy in a Mouse Neuroblastoma Model. Lina Chakrabarti, Clifford Morgan, Anthony D Sandler. PLoS One, 2015 Jun 17; 10(6). PMID: 26079374 Free PMC article.
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Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 expression in esophageal carcinoma: implications for prognosis. Xiao-Fei Zhang, Ke Pan, +9 authors, Jian-Chuan Xia. less Oncotarget, 2016 Apr 07; 7(18). PMID: 27050369 Free PMC article.
Overcoming Hypoxia-Mediated Tumor Progression: Combinatorial Approaches Targeting pH Regulation, Angiogenesis and Immune Dysfunction. Paul C McDonald, Shawn C Chafe, Shoukat Dedhar. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2016 Apr 12; 4. PMID: 27066484 Free PMC article. Review.
Cancer immunotherapy: the beginning of the end of cancer? Sofia Farkona, Eleftherios P Diamandis, Ivan M Blasutig. BMC Med, 2016 May 07; 14. PMID: 27151159 Free PMC article. Highly Cited. Review.
SCIB2, an antibody DNA vaccine encoding NY-ESO-1 epitopes, induces potent antitumor immunity which is further enhanced by checkpoint blockade. Wei Xue, Rachael L Metheringham, +5 authors, Lindy G Durrant. less Oncoimmunology, 2016 Jul 30; 5(6). PMID: 27471648 Free PMC article.
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Preclinical Development of Ipilimumab and Nivolumab Combination Immunotherapy: Mouse Tumor Models, In Vitro Functional Studies, and Cynomolgus Macaque Toxicology. Mark J Selby, John J Engelhardt, +11 authors, Alan J Korman. less PLoS One, 2016 Sep 10; 11(9). PMID: 27610613 Free PMC article. Highly Cited.
Phenotypic screening reveals TNFR2 as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. Geoffrey S Williams, Bina Mistry, +20 authors, Robert W Wilkinson. less Oncotarget, 2016 Sep 15; 7(42). PMID: 27626702 Free PMC article.
Manipulation of Regulatory Cells' Responses to Treatments for Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Soheil Tavakolpour, Seyed Moayed Alavian, Shahnaz Sali. Hepat Mon, 2016 Sep 16; 16(6). PMID: 27630728 Free PMC article.
Programmed death-ligand 1 expression in gastric adenocarcinoma is a poor prognostic factor in a high CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes group. Hyeyoon Chang, Woon Yong Jung, +5 authors, Baek-Hui Kim. less Oncotarget, 2016 Oct 16; 7(49). PMID: 27741514 Free PMC article.
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Potent CD4+ T cell-associated antitumor memory responses induced by trifunctional bispecific antibodies in combination with immune checkpoint inhibition. Nina Deppisch, Peter Ruf, +2 authors, Nina Eißler, Horst Lindhofer, Ralph Mocikat. less Oncotarget, 2016 Dec 15; 8(3). PMID: 27966460 Free PMC article.
Impact of CTLA-4 blockade in conjunction with metronomic chemotherapy on preclinical breast cancer growth. Karla Parra, Paloma Valenzuela, +10 authors, Giulio Francia. less Br J Cancer, 2017 Jan 06; 116(3). PMID: 28056464 Free PMC article.
Dynamic versus static biomarkers in cancer immune checkpoint blockade: unravelling complexity. W Joost Lesterhuis, Anthony Bosco, +3 authors, Richard A Lake. less Nat Rev Drug Discov, 2017 Jan 07; 16(4). PMID: 28057932 Highly Cited. Review.
Immunotherapy: incorporation in the evolving paradigm of renal cancer management and future prospects. Kenneth G Liu, Sorab Gupta, Sanjay Goel. Oncotarget, 2017 Jan 07; 8(10). PMID: 28061473 Free PMC article. Review.
Clinical Implications of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4 Expression on Tumor Cells and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer Patients Undergoing Surgery Plus Adjuvant Chemoradiotherapy. Yu Jin Lim, Jaemoon Koh, +7 authors, Yung-Jue Bang. less Target Oncol, 2017 Jan 14; 12(2). PMID: 28084572
Replication Study: The CD47-signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPa) interaction is a therapeutic target for human solid tumors. Stephen K Horrigan, Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology. Elife, 2017 Jan 20; 6. PMID: 28100392 Free PMC article.
Increased CTLA-4+ T cells may contribute to impaired T helper type 1 immune responses in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Dino B A Tan, Teck-Hui Teo, +5 authors, Yuben P Moodley. less Immunology, 2017 Feb 13; 151(2). PMID: 28190271 Free PMC article.
The prognostic value of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 in cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pingping Hu, Qiqi Liu, +4 authors, Jiandong Zhang. less Sci Rep, 2017 Feb 18; 7. PMID: 28211499 Free PMC article. Systematic Review.
Combining talimogene laherparepvec with immunotherapies in melanoma and other solid tumors. Reinhard Dummer, Christoph Hoeller, Isabella Pezzani Gruter, Olivier Michielin. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2017 Feb 27; 66(6). PMID: 28238174 Free PMC article. Review.
Priming is key to effective incorporation of image-guided thermal ablation into immunotherapy protocols. Matthew T Silvestrini, Elizabeth S Ingham, +12 authors, Katherine W Ferrara. less JCI Insight, 2017 Mar 30; 2(6). PMID: 28352658 Free PMC article.
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Increased Expression of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4 by T Cells, Induced by B7 in Sera, Reduces Adaptive Immunity in Patients With Acute Liver Failure. Wafa Khamri, Robin D Abeles, +17 authors, Charalambos G Antoniades. less Gastroenterology, 2017 Apr 02; 153(1). PMID: 28363639 Free PMC article.
Humanized Mice with Subcutaneous Human Solid Tumors for Immune Response Analysis of Vaccinia Virus-Mediated Oncolysis. Desislava Tsoneva, Boris Minev, +3 authors, Aladar A Szalay. less Mol Ther Oncolytics, 2017 May 10; 5. PMID: 28480327 Free PMC article.
Efficient Generation of Bispecific Murine Antibodies for Pre-Clinical Investigations in Syngeneic Rodent Models. Aran F Labrijn, Joyce I Meesters, +8 authors, Paul W H I Parren. less Sci Rep, 2017 Jun 01; 7(1). PMID: 28559564 Free PMC article.
Epi-drugs in combination with immunotherapy: a new avenue to improve anticancer efficacy. Roberta Mazzone, Clemens Zwergel, Antonello Mai, Sergio Valente. Clin Epigenetics, 2017 Jun 03; 9. PMID: 28572863 Free PMC article. Highly Cited. Review.
Basal cell carcinoma pathogenesis and therapy involving hedgehog signaling and beyond. Anshika Bakshi, Sandeep C Chaudhary, +2 authors, Mehtab Rana, Craig A Elmets, Mohammad Athar. less Mol Carcinog, 2017 Jun 03; 56(12). PMID: 28574612 Free PMC article. Review.
Intratumoral FoxP3+Helios+ Regulatory T Cells Upregulating Immunosuppressive Molecules Are Expanded in Human Colorectal Cancer. Azharuddin Sajid Syed Khaja, Salman M Toor, +2 authors, Haytham El Salhat, Bassam R Ali, Eyad Elkord. less Front Immunol, 2017 Jun 13; 8. PMID: 28603527 Free PMC article.
A Novel Unsupervised Algorithm for Biological Process-based Analysis on Cancer. Tianci Song, Sha Cao, +3 authors, Sheng Tao, Sen Liang, Wei Du, Yanchun Liang. less Sci Rep, 2017 Jul 07; 7(1). PMID: 28680165 Free PMC article.
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Cell genomics and immunosuppressive biomarker expression influence PD-L1 immunotherapy treatment responses in HNSCC-a computational study. Amber M Bates, Emily A Lanzel, +3 authors, Kim A Brogden. less Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 2017 Aug 02; 124(2). PMID: 28756882 Free PMC article.
Chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: The present and the future. Marco Le Grazie, Maria Rosa Biagini, +2 authors, Mirko Tarocchi, Simone Polvani, Andrea Galli. less World J Hepatol, 2017 Aug 22; 9(21). PMID: 28824742 Free PMC article. Highly Cited. Review.
Genomic Landscape of Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia Reveals Divergent Modes to Lung Adenocarcinoma. Smruthy Sivakumar, F Anthony San Lucas, +14 authors, Humam Kadara. less Cancer Res, 2017 Sep 28; 77(22). PMID: 28951454 Free PMC article.
Production and Evaluation of Specific Single-Chain Antibodies against CTLA-4 for Cancer-Targeted Therapy. Farideh Hosseinzadeh, Saeed Mohammadi, Foroogh Nejatollahi. Rep Biochem Mol Biol, 2017 Nov 02; 6(1). PMID: 29090224 Free PMC article.
Dendritic cell therapy in melanoma. Carmen Alvarez-Dominguez, Ricardo Calderón-Gonzalez, +5 authors, Fernando Rivera. less Ann Transl Med, 2017 Nov 09; 5(19). PMID: 29114544 Free PMC article. Review.
Immunotherapy and gene therapy as novel treatments for cancer. Martha Montserrat Rangel-Sosa, Estuardo Aguilar-Córdova, Augusto Rojas-Martínez. Colomb Med (Cali), 2017 Dec 08; 48(3). PMID: 29213157 Free PMC article. Review.
Interleukin-21 combined with PD-1 or CTLA-4 blockade enhances antitumor immunity in mouse tumor models. Katherine E Lewis, Mark J Selby, +11 authors, Stacey R Dillon. less Oncoimmunology, 2018 Jan 04; 7(1). PMID: 29296539 Free PMC article.
The synergistic antitumor effect of arsenic trioxide combined with cytotoxic T cells in pulmonary metastasis model of colon cancer. Lei Wang, Wentao Liang, +3 authors, Na Peng, Xiang Hu, Yingxin Xu, Zhong Liu. less Oncotarget, 2018 Jan 10; 8(65). PMID: 29312633 Free PMC article.
HDAC inhibition potentiates immunotherapy in triple negative breast cancer. Manuela Terranova-Barberio, Scott Thomas, +6 authors, Pamela N Munster. less Oncotarget, 2018 Jan 27; 8(69). PMID: 29371976 Free PMC article. Highly Cited.
Electrotransfer of Different Control Plasmids Elicits Different Antitumor Effectiveness in B16.F10 Melanoma. Masa Bosnjak, Tanja Jesenko, +4 authors, Maja Cemazar. less Cancers (Basel), 2018 Feb 01; 10(2). PMID: 29382170 Free PMC article.
Modeling Human Antitumor Responses In Vivo Using Umbilical Cord Blood-Engrafted Mice. Nicholas A Zumwalde, Jenny E Gumperz. Front Immunol, 2018 Feb 13; 9. PMID: 29434589 Free PMC article. Review.
Genomics of NSCLC patients both affirm PD-L1 expression and predict their clinical responses to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Kim A Brogden, Deepak Parashar, +8 authors, Shireen Vali. less BMC Cancer, 2018 Mar 01; 18(1). PMID: 29486723 Free PMC article.
Optimizing Tumor Microenvironment for Cancer Immunotherapy: β-Glucan-Based Nanoparticles. Mei Zhang, Julian A Kim, Alex Yee-Chen Huang. Front Immunol, 2018 Mar 15; 9. PMID: 29535722 Free PMC article. Review.
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A mathematical modelling tool for unravelling the antibody-mediated effects on CTLA-4 interactions. Aravindhan Ganesan, Theinmozhi Arulraj, Tahir Choulli, Khaled H Barakat. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak, 2018 Jun 13; 18(1). PMID: 29890992 Free PMC article.
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Endocrine Toxicity of Cancer Immunotherapy Targeting Immune Checkpoints. Lee-Shing Chang, Romualdo Barroso-Sousa, +3 authors, Le Min. less Endocr Rev, 2018 Sep 06; 40(1). PMID: 30184160 Free PMC article. Review.
Adjuvant treatment for stage III melanoma in the era of targeted medicine and immunotherapy. Eytan Ben-Ami, Jacob Schachter. Melanoma Manag, 2016 Jun 01; 3(2). PMID: 30190882 Free PMC article. Review.
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Checkpoint inhibitor use in two heart transplant patients with metastatic melanoma and review of high-risk populations. Michael J Grant, Nicholas DeVito, April K S Salama. Melanoma Manag, 2018 Nov 22; 5(4). PMID: 30459942 Free PMC article. Review.
Radiation as an In Situ Auto-Vaccination: Current Perspectives and Challenges. Taichiro Goto. Vaccines (Basel), 2019 Aug 29; 7(3). PMID: 31455032 Free PMC article. Review.
Preclinical rationale and clinical efficacy of antiangiogenic therapy and immune checkpoint blockade combination therapy in urogenital tumors. Ning Zhu, Shanshan Weng, +4 authors, Ying Yuan. less J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2019 Oct 17; 145(12). PMID: 31617075 Review.
Dexamethasone differentially depletes tumour and peripheral blood lymphocytes and can impact the efficacy of chemotherapy/checkpoint blockade combination treatment. Wayne J Aston, Danika E Hope, +5 authors, W Joost Lesterhuis. less Oncoimmunology, 2019 Oct 28; 8(11). PMID: 31646089 Free PMC article.
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Insights in the immunobiology of glioblastoma. Dimitrios Strepkos, Mariam Markouli, +2 authors, Alexia Klonou, Christina Piperi, Athanasios G Papavassiliou. less J Mol Med (Berl), 2019 Oct 28; 98(1). PMID: 31650201 Review.
Amplifying Outcomes: Checkpoint Inhibitor Combinations in First-Line Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Barbara Melosky, Rosalyn Juergens, +5 authors, Quincy Chu. less Oncologist, 2019 May 30; 25(1). PMID: 31138727 Free PMC article.
A Triple Co-Delivery Liposomal Carrier That Enhances Apoptosis via an Intrinsic Pathway in Melanoma Cells. Nina Filipczak, Anna Jaromin, +4 authors, Jerzy Gubernator. less Cancers (Basel), 2019 Dec 15; 11(12). PMID: 31835393 Free PMC article.
Sensitizing the Tumor Microenvironment to Immune Checkpoint Therapy. Rachael M Zemek, Wee Loong Chin, +3 authors, W Joost Lesterhuis. less Front Immunol, 2020 Mar 07; 11. PMID: 32133005 Free PMC article. Review.
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Tumor-conditional anti-CTLA4 uncouples antitumor efficacy from immunotherapy-related toxicity. Chien-Chun Steven Pai, Donald M Simons, +22 authors, Lawrence Fong. less J Clin Invest, 2018 Dec 12; 129(1). PMID: 30530991 Free PMC article.
A Syngeneic ErbB2 Mammary Cancer Model for Preclinical Immunotherapy Trials. Zsófia Pénzváltó, Jane Qian Chen, +5 authors, Alexander D Borowsky. less J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia, 2019 Feb 28; 24(2). PMID: 30810966 Free PMC article.
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Advanced biomaterials for cancer immunotherapy. Fan Yang, Kun Shi, +3 authors, Zhi-Yong Qian. less Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2020 Mar 04; 41(7). PMID: 32123302 Free PMC article. Review.
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Expression of immune checkpoints and T cell exhaustion markers in early and advanced stages of colorectal cancer. Reem Saleh, Rowaida Z Taha, +7 authors, Eyad Elkord. less Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2020 May 13; 69(10). PMID: 32393998 Free PMC article.
Prolonging Survival: The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Treatment of Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer. Barbara Melosky, Parneet K Cheema, +8 authors, Quincy Chu. less Oncologist, 2020 Aug 30; 25(11). PMID: 32860288 Free PMC article. Review.
MRPL13 is a Prognostic Cancer Biomarker and Correlates with Immune Infiltrates in Breast Cancer. Zuo Tao, Huandan Suo, +7 authors, Bo Chen. less Onco Targets Ther, 2020 Dec 05; 13. PMID: 33273831 Free PMC article.
Activating the Antitumor Immune Response in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Using Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Maansi Joshi, Stephen M Ansell. J Immunol Res, 2020 Dec 10; 2020. PMID: 33294467 Free PMC article. Review.
Stimulation of an anti-tumor immune response with "chromatin-damaging" therapy. Minhui Chen, Craig M Brackett, +8 authors, Katerina V Gurova. less Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2021 Jan 14; 70(7). PMID: 33439292 Free PMC article.
Anti-NKG2D single domain-based antibodies for the modulation of anti-tumor immune response. Adeline Raynaud, Klervi Desrumeaux, +5 authors, Brigitte Kerfelec. less Oncoimmunology, 2021 Jan 19; 10(1). PMID: 33457075 Free PMC article.
Recent Advances in Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Colorectal Cancers. Kyusang Hwang, Jin Hwan Yoon, Ji Hyun Lee, Sukmook Lee. Biomedicines, 2021 Jan 21; 9(1). PMID: 33466394 Free PMC article. Review.
Therapy of lymphoma by immune checkpoint inhibitors: the role of T cells, NK cells and cytokine-induced tumor senescence. Fatima Ahmetlic, Josia Fauser, +8 authors, Ralph Mocikat. less J Immunother Cancer, 2021 Jan 15; 9(1). PMID: 33441389 Free PMC article.
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Current methods in translational cancer research. Michael W Lee, Mihailo Miljanic, +4 authors, Anna Capasso. less Cancer Metastasis Rev, 2020 Sep 16; 40(1). PMID: 32929562 Free PMC article. Review.
Protective low-avidity anti-tumour CD8+ T cells are selectively attenuated by regulatory T cells. Gessa Sugiyarto, David Prossor, +3 authors, Edward James. less Immunother Adv, 2021 Mar 23; 1(1). PMID: 33748824 Free PMC article.
The role of dendritic cells for therapy of B-cell lymphoma with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Anne Scheuerpflug, Fatima Ahmetlić, +3 authors, Ralph Mocikat. less Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2020 Nov 04; 70(5). PMID: 33141285 Free PMC article.
Prognostic value of LRRC4C in Colon and Gastric Cancers correlates with Tumour Microenvironment Immunity. XiaoFeng Yang, Purun Lei, +3 authors, Lijun Huang, Xiao Tang, Bo Wei, HongBo Wei. less Int J Biol Sci, 2021 Apr 20; 17(5). PMID: 33867855 Free PMC article.
Natural Killer Cells and Regulatory T Cells Cross Talk in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Exploring Therapeutic Options for the Next Decade. Amber G Bozward, Frazer Warricker, Ye H Oo, Salim I Khakoo. Front Immunol, 2021 May 18; 12. PMID: 33995362 Free PMC article. Review.
Local and Targeted Delivery of Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapeutics. Xiao Han, Hongjun Li, +2 authors, Daojia Zhou, Zhaowei Chen, Zhen Gu. less Acc Chem Res, 2020 Oct 20; 53(11). PMID: 33073988 Free PMC article.
Immune checkpoints in targeted-immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer: New hope for clinical development. Seyed Hossein Kiaie, Mohammad Javad Sanaei, +5 authors, Behzad Baradaran. less Acta Pharm Sin B, 2021 Jun 08; 11(5). PMID: 34094821 Free PMC article. Review.
Immune checkpoint blockade impairs immunosuppressive mechanisms of regulatory T cells in B-cell lymphoma. Vera Bauer, Fatima Ahmetlić, +3 authors, Ralph Mocikat. less Transl Oncol, 2021 Jul 07; 14(9). PMID: 34229208 Free PMC article.
The KrasG12D;Trp53fl/fl murine model of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma is macrophage dense, lymphocyte poor, and resistant to immune checkpoint blockade. Karys M Hildebrand, Arvind K Singla, +9 authors, Michael J Monument. less PLoS One, 2021 Jul 10; 16(7). PMID: 34242269 Free PMC article.
Local Destruction of Tumors and Systemic Immune Effects. Karl-Göran Tranberg. Front Oncol, 2021 Jul 27; 11. PMID: 34307177 Free PMC article. Review.
Epitranscriptomic Approach: To Improve the Efficacy of ICB Therapy by Co-Targeting Intracellular Checkpoint CISH. Sunil Kumar, Parth Sarthi, +4 authors, Yong-Soo Bae. less Cells, 2021 Sep 29; 10(9). PMID: 34571899 Free PMC article. Review.
Type I Interferon Promotes Antitumor T Cell Response in CRPC by Regulating MDSC. Lilv Fan, Guiliang Xu, +8 authors, Xuanming Yang. less Cancers (Basel), 2021 Nov 14; 13(21). PMID: 34771735 Free PMC article.
Tumor membrane-based vaccine immunotherapy in combination with anti-CTLA-4 antibody confers protection against immune checkpoint resistant murine triple-negative breast cancer. Christopher D Pack, Ramireddy Bommireddy, +9 authors, Periasamy Selvaraj. less Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2020 Jun 13; 16(12). PMID: 32530786 Free PMC article.
Identification of the Immune Cell Infiltration Landscape in Hepatocellular Carcinoma to Predict Prognosis and Guide Immunotherapy. Shiyan Yang, Yajun Cheng, +3 authors, Xiaolong Wang, Ping Wei, Hui Wang, Shanzhong Tan. less Front Genet, 2021 Dec 14; 12. PMID: 34899862 Free PMC article.
Using a Prime-Boost Vaccination Strategy That Proved Effective for High Resolution Epitope Mapping to Characterize the Elusive Immunogenicity of Survivin. Robert C Mould, Jacob P van Vloten, +9 authors, Byram W Bridle. less Cancers (Basel), 2021 Dec 25; 13(24). PMID: 34944889 Free PMC article.
Our current understanding of checkpoint inhibitor therapy in cancer immunotherapy. Elena Goleva, Taras Lyubchenko, +3 authors, Jeffrey A Kern. less Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 2021 Mar 16; 126(6). PMID: 33716146 Free PMC article. Review.
Development of a fully canine anti-canine CTLA4 monoclonal antibody for comparative translational research in dogs with spontaneous tumors. Nicola J Mason, Nicholas Chester, +6 authors, Don L Siegel. less MAbs, 2021 Dec 04; 13(1). PMID: 34856888 Free PMC article.
Vectorized Treg-depleting αCTLA-4 elicits antigen cross-presentation and CD8+ T cell immunity to reject 'cold' tumors. Monika Semmrich, Jean-Baptiste Marchand, +15 authors, Björn Frendéus. less J Immunother Cancer, 2022 Jan 22; 10(1). PMID: 35058324 Free PMC article.
Epitranscriptomics modifier pentostatin indirectly triggers Toll-like receptor 3 and can enhance immune infiltration in tumors. Marina Tusup, Thomas M Kündig, Steve Pascolo. Mol Ther, 2021 Sep 27; 30(3). PMID: 34563676 Free PMC article.

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